Identities of their own#
Just like ordinary trigonometric functions, the inverse ones have their own family of identities. Some pairs add up to π 2 \displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{2} 2 π , some come as reciprocals, and there is a very handy sum formula for tan − 1 \tan^{-1} tan − 1 . We will list the main properties, learn how a clever substitution can simplify an ugly expression, and then practise with a mixed set.
The main properties#
sin − 1 ( − x ) = − sin − 1 x \sin^{-1}(-x) = -\sin^{-1}x sin − 1 ( − x ) = − sin − 1 x , tan − 1 ( − x ) = − tan − 1 x \tan^{-1}(-x) = -\tan^{-1}x tan − 1 ( − x ) = − tan − 1 x , csc − 1 ( − x ) = − csc − 1 x \csc^{-1}(-x) = -\csc^{-1}x csc − 1 ( − x ) = − csc − 1 x .
cos − 1 ( − x ) = π − cos − 1 x \cos^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \cos^{-1}x cos − 1 ( − x ) = π − cos − 1 x , cot − 1 ( − x ) = π − cot − 1 x \cot^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \cot^{-1}x cot − 1 ( − x ) = π − cot − 1 x , sec − 1 ( − x ) = π − sec − 1 x \sec^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \sec^{-1}x sec − 1 ( − x ) = π − sec − 1 x .
sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = π 2 \displaystyle \sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2} sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = 2 π ( ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 ) (\lvert x \rvert \le 1) (∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 ) ; tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = π 2 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2} tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = 2 π ; sec − 1 x + csc − 1 x = π 2 \displaystyle \sec^{-1}x + \csc^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2} sec − 1 x + csc − 1 x = 2 π .
sin − 1 1 x = csc − 1 x \displaystyle \sin^{-1}\tfrac{1}{x} = \csc^{-1}x sin − 1 x 1 = csc − 1 x , cos − 1 1 x = sec − 1 x \displaystyle \cos^{-1}\tfrac{1}{x} = \sec^{-1}x cos − 1 x 1 = sec − 1 x ( ∣ x ∣ ≥ 1 ) (\lvert x \rvert \ge 1) (∣ x ∣ ≥ 1 ) ; tan − 1 1 x = cot − 1 x \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{x} = \cot^{-1}x tan − 1 x 1 = cot − 1 x ( x > 0 ) (x > 0) ( x > 0 ) .
tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 x + y 1 − x y \displaystyle \tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 1 − x y x + y when x y < 1 xy < 1 x y < 1 ; tan − 1 x − tan − 1 y = tan − 1 x − y 1 + x y \displaystyle \tan^{-1}x - \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x - y}{1 + xy} tan − 1 x − tan − 1 y = tan − 1 1 + x y x − y when x y > − 1 xy > -1 x y > − 1 .
2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 \displaystyle 2\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x ( ∣ x ∣ < 1 ) (\lvert x \rvert < 1) (∣ x ∣ < 1 ) = sin − 1 2 x 1 + x 2 \displaystyle = \sin^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 + x^2} = sin − 1 1 + x 2 2 x ( ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 ) (\lvert x \rvert \le 1) (∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 ) = cos − 1 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 \displaystyle = \cos^{-1}\frac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2} = cos − 1 1 + x 2 1 − x 2 ( x ≥ 0 ) (x \ge 0) ( x ≥ 0 ) .
Putting them to use#
Example 1. tan − 1 1 3 + tan − 1 1 2 = tan − 1 5 / 6 1 − 1 / 6 = tan − 1 1 = π 4 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} = \tan^{-1}\frac{5/6}{1 - 1/6} = \tan^{-1}1 = \tfrac{\pi}{4} tan − 1 3 1 + tan − 1 2 1 = tan − 1 1 − 1/6 5/6 = tan − 1 1 = 4 π .
Example 2. tan − 1 3 4 + tan − 1 3 5 − tan − 1 8 19 = tan − 1 27 11 − tan − 1 8 19 = tan − 1 27 ⋅ 19 − 8 ⋅ 11 11 ⋅ 19 + 27 ⋅ 8 = tan − 1 425 425 = π 4 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5} - \tan^{-1}\tfrac{8}{19} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{27}{11} - \tan^{-1}\tfrac{8}{19} = \tan^{-1}\frac{27 \cdot 19 - 8 \cdot 11}{11 \cdot 19 + 27 \cdot 8} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{425}{425} = \tfrac{\pi}{4} tan − 1 4 3 + tan − 1 5 3 − tan − 1 19 8 = tan − 1 11 27 − tan − 1 19 8 = tan − 1 11 ⋅ 19 + 27 ⋅ 8 27 ⋅ 19 − 8 ⋅ 11 = tan − 1 425 425 = 4 π .
Example 3 (substitution). Simplify tan − 1 1 + x 2 − 1 x \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^2} - 1}{x} tan − 1 x 1 + x 2 − 1 , x ≠ 0 x \ne 0 x = 0 . Whenever a square root of one plus x squared appears, think of putting x = tan θ x = \tan\theta x = tan θ . Then sec θ − 1 tan θ = 1 − cos θ sin θ = tan θ 2 \displaystyle \frac{\sec\theta - 1}{\tan\theta} = \frac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \tan\tfrac{\theta}{2} tan θ sec θ − 1 = sin θ 1 − cos θ = tan 2 θ , so the expression is 1 2 tan − 1 x \displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}x 2 1 tan − 1 x .
Example 4. tan − 1 1 − cos x 1 + cos x = tan − 1 ( tan x 2 ) = x 2 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}} = \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\tfrac{x}{2}\right) = \tfrac{x}{2} tan − 1 1 + cos x 1 − cos x = tan − 1 ( tan 2 x ) = 2 x for 0 < x < π 0 < x < \pi 0 < x < π .
Example 5. sin ( cos − 1 3 5 ) = 4 5 \displaystyle \sin\left(\cos^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5}\right) = \tfrac{4}{5} sin ( cos − 1 5 3 ) = 5 4 . The quickest way is to draw a 3 3 3 -4 4 4 -5 5 5 triangle, since the angle is acute. In the same way, cos ( tan − 1 5 12 ) = 12 13 \displaystyle \cos\left(\tan^{-1}\tfrac{5}{12}\right) = \tfrac{12}{13} cos ( tan − 1 12 5 ) = 13 12 .
Reading the answers off right triangles with sides 3, 4, 5 and 5, 12, 13.
Example 6 (an equation). Solve tan − 1 2 x + tan − 1 3 x = π 4 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}2x + \tan^{-1}3x = \tfrac{\pi}{4} tan − 1 2 x + tan − 1 3 x = 4 π . Using the sum formula, 5 x 1 − 6 x 2 = 1 \displaystyle \tfrac{5x}{1 - 6x^2} = 1 1 − 6 x 2 5 x = 1 , so 6 x 2 + 5 x − 1 = 0 6x^2 + 5x - 1 = 0 6 x 2 + 5 x − 1 = 0 , x = 1 6 \displaystyle x = \tfrac{1}{6} x = 6 1 or − 1 -1 − 1 . Always check your roots here: x = − 1 x = -1 x = − 1 makes the left side negative, so it cannot be the answer. The answer is x = 1 6 \displaystyle x = \tfrac{1}{6} x = 6 1 .
Mixed practice#
Prove: tan − 1 1 5 + tan − 1 1 7 + tan − 1 1 3 + tan − 1 1 8 = π 4 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{5} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{7} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{8} = \tfrac{\pi}{4} tan − 1 5 1 + tan − 1 7 1 + tan − 1 3 1 + tan − 1 8 1 = 4 π .
Find cos − 1 ( − 1 2 ) − 2 sin − 1 1 2 \displaystyle \cos^{-1}\left(-\tfrac{1}{2}\right) - 2\sin^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} cos − 1 ( − 2 1 ) − 2 sin − 1 2 1 .
Simplify tan − 1 cos x 1 − sin x \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\frac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x} tan − 1 1 − sin x cos x for − π 2 < x < π 2 \displaystyle -\tfrac{\pi}{2} < x < \tfrac{\pi}{2} − 2 π < x < 2 π .
Simplify tan − 1 3 a 2 x − x 3 a 3 − 3 a x 2 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\frac{3a^2x - x^3}{a^3 - 3ax^2} tan − 1 a 3 − 3 a x 2 3 a 2 x − x 3 for ∣ x ∣ < a 3 \displaystyle \lvert x \rvert < \tfrac{a}{\sqrt{3}} ∣ x ∣ < 3 a , a > 0 a > 0 a > 0 .
Find sin ( 2 tan − 1 1 3 ) \displaystyle \sin\left(2\tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3}\right) sin ( 2 tan − 1 3 1 ) and cos ( sin − 1 8 17 + cos − 1 3 5 ) \displaystyle \cos\left(\sin^{-1}\tfrac{8}{17} + \cos^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5}\right) cos ( sin − 1 17 8 + cos − 1 5 3 ) .
Solve tan − 1 x − 1 x − 2 + tan − 1 x + 1 x + 2 = π 4 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{x - 1}{x - 2} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{x + 1}{x + 2} = \tfrac{\pi}{4} tan − 1 x − 2 x − 1 + tan − 1 x + 2 x + 1 = 4 π .
Solve sin − 1 ( 1 − x ) − 2 sin − 1 x = π 2 \displaystyle \sin^{-1}(1 - x) - 2\sin^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2} sin − 1 ( 1 − x ) − 2 sin − 1 x = 2 π .
Prove: 2 sin − 1 3 5 = tan − 1 24 7 \displaystyle 2\sin^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{24}{7} 2 sin − 1 5 3 = tan − 1 7 24 .
Show that cos − 1 4 5 + cos − 1 12 13 = cos − 1 33 65 \displaystyle \cos^{-1}\tfrac{4}{5} + \cos^{-1}\tfrac{12}{13} = \cos^{-1}\tfrac{33}{65} cos − 1 5 4 + cos − 1 13 12 = cos − 1 65 33 .
If sin − 1 x + sin − 1 y = 2 π 3 \displaystyle \sin^{-1}x + \sin^{-1}y = \tfrac{2\pi}{3} sin − 1 x + sin − 1 y = 3 2 π , find cos − 1 x + cos − 1 y \cos^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}y cos − 1 x + cos − 1 y .
Answers to check against#
Show answers
tan − 1 1 5 + tan − 1 1 7 = tan − 1 6 17 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{5} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{7} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{6}{17} tan − 1 5 1 + tan − 1 7 1 = tan − 1 17 6 ; tan − 1 1 3 + tan − 1 1 8 = tan − 1 11 23 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{8} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{11}{23} tan − 1 3 1 + tan − 1 8 1 = tan − 1 23 11 ; the total is tan − 1 6 ⋅ 23 + 11 ⋅ 17 17 ⋅ 23 − 66 = tan − 1 325 325 \displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{6 \cdot 23 + 11 \cdot 17}{17 \cdot 23 - 66} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{325}{325} tan − 1 17 ⋅ 23 − 66 6 ⋅ 23 + 11 ⋅ 17 = tan − 1 325 325 .
2 π 3 − π 3 = π 3 \displaystyle \tfrac{2\pi}{3} - \tfrac{\pi}{3} = \tfrac{\pi}{3} 3 2 π − 3 π = 3 π .
cos x 1 − sin x = tan ( π 4 + x 2 ) \displaystyle \tfrac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x} = \tan\left(\tfrac{\pi}{4} + \tfrac{x}{2}\right) 1 − s i n x c o s x = tan ( 4 π + 2 x ) : π 4 + x 2 \displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{4} + \tfrac{x}{2} 4 π + 2 x .
Put x = a tan θ x = a\tan\theta x = a tan θ and the expression becomes tan 3 θ \tan 3\theta tan 3 θ , so the answer is 3 tan − 1 x a \displaystyle 3\tan^{-1}\tfrac{x}{a} 3 tan − 1 a x .
2 / 3 1 + 1 / 9 = 3 5 \displaystyle \tfrac{2/3}{1 + 1/9} = \tfrac{3}{5} 1 + 1/9 2/3 = 5 3 ; cos A cos B − sin A sin B = 15 17 ⋅ 3 5 − 8 17 ⋅ 4 5 = 13 85 \displaystyle \cos A\cos B - \sin A\sin B = \tfrac{15}{17}\cdot\tfrac{3}{5} - \tfrac{8}{17}\cdot\tfrac{4}{5} = \tfrac{13}{85} cos A cos B − sin A sin B = 17 15 ⋅ 5 3 − 17 8 ⋅ 5 4 = 85 13 .
( x − 1 ) ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 ) − ( x 2 − 1 ) = 1 \displaystyle \tfrac{(x - 1)(x + 2) + (x + 1)(x - 2)}{(x - 2)(x + 2) - (x^2 - 1)} = 1 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 ) − ( x 2 − 1 ) ( x − 1 ) ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) = 1 : 2 x 2 − 4 − 3 = 1 \displaystyle \tfrac{2x^2 - 4}{-3} = 1 − 3 2 x 2 − 4 = 1 , x = ± 1 2 \displaystyle x = \pm\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} x = ± 2 1 .
1 − x = sin ( π 2 + 2 sin − 1 x ) = cos ( 2 sin − 1 x ) = 1 − 2 x 2 \displaystyle 1 - x = \sin\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} + 2\sin^{-1}x\right) = \cos(2\sin^{-1}x) = 1 - 2x^2 1 − x = sin ( 2 π + 2 sin − 1 x ) = cos ( 2 sin − 1 x ) = 1 − 2 x 2 : x = 0 x = 0 x = 0 or 1 2 \displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2} 2 1 . But 1 2 \displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2} 2 1 fails the check, so x = 0 x = 0 x = 0 .
sin − 1 3 5 = tan − 1 3 4 \displaystyle \sin^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4} sin − 1 5 3 = tan − 1 4 3 ; 2 tan − 1 3 4 = tan − 1 3 / 2 7 / 16 = tan − 1 24 7 \displaystyle 2\tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3/2}{7/16} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{24}{7} 2 tan − 1 4 3 = tan − 1 7/16 3/2 = tan − 1 7 24 .
cos ( A + B ) = 4 5 ⋅ 12 13 − 3 5 ⋅ 5 13 = 33 65 \displaystyle \cos(A + B) = \tfrac{4}{5}\cdot\tfrac{12}{13} - \tfrac{3}{5}\cdot\tfrac{5}{13} = \tfrac{33}{65} cos ( A + B ) = 5 4 ⋅ 13 12 − 5 3 ⋅ 13 5 = 65 33 .
π − 2 π 3 = π 3 \displaystyle \pi - \tfrac{2\pi}{3} = \tfrac{\pi}{3} π − 3 2 π = 3 π .