Iden­ti­ties of their own

Just like ordi­nary trigono­met­ric func­tions, the inverse ones have their own fam­ily of iden­ti­ties. Some pairs add up to π2\displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{2}, some come as rec­i­p­ro­cals, and there is a very handy sum for­mula for tan⁡−1\tan^{-1}. We will list the main prop­er­ties, learn how a clever sub­sti­tu­tion can sim­plify an ugly expres­sion, and then prac­tise with a mixed set.

The main prop­er­ties

  • sin⁡−1(−x)=−sin⁡−1x\sin^{-1}(-x) = -\sin^{-1}x, tan⁡−1(−x)=−tan⁡−1x\tan^{-1}(-x) = -\tan^{-1}x, csc⁡−1(−x)=−csc⁡−1x\csc^{-1}(-x) = -\csc^{-1}x.
  • cos⁡−1(−x)=π−cos⁡−1x\cos^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \cos^{-1}x, cot⁡−1(−x)=π−cot⁡−1x\cot^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \cot^{-1}x, sec⁡−1(−x)=π−sec⁡−1x\sec^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \sec^{-1}x.
  • sin⁡−1x+cos⁡−1x=π2\displaystyle \sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2} (∣x∣≤1)(\lvert x \rvert \le 1); tan⁡−1x+cot⁡−1x=π2\displaystyle \tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2}; sec⁡−1x+csc⁡−1x=π2\displaystyle \sec^{-1}x + \csc^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2}.
  • sin⁡−11x=csc⁡−1x\displaystyle \sin^{-1}\tfrac{1}{x} = \csc^{-1}x, cos⁡−11x=sec⁡−1x\displaystyle \cos^{-1}\tfrac{1}{x} = \sec^{-1}x (∣x∣≥1)(\lvert x \rvert \ge 1); tan⁡−11x=cot⁡−1x\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{x} = \cot^{-1}x (x>0)(x > 0).
  • tan⁡−1x+tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x+y1−xy\displaystyle \tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} when xy<1xy < 1; tan⁡−1x−tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x−y1+xy\displaystyle \tan^{-1}x - \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x - y}{1 + xy} when xy>−1xy > -1.
  • 2tan⁡−1x=tan⁡−12x1−x2\displaystyle 2\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} (∣x∣<1)(\lvert x \rvert < 1) =sin⁡−12x1+x2\displaystyle = \sin^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 + x^2} (∣x∣≤1)(\lvert x \rvert \le 1) =cos⁡−11−x21+x2\displaystyle = \cos^{-1}\frac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2} (x≥0)(x \ge 0).

Putting them to use

Exam­ple 1. tan⁡−113+tan⁡−112=tan⁡−15/61−1/6=tan⁡−11=π4\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} = \tan^{-1}\frac{5/6}{1 - 1/6} = \tan^{-1}1 = \tfrac{\pi}{4}.

Exam­ple 2. tan⁡−134+tan⁡−135−tan⁡−1819=tan⁡−12711−tan⁡−1819=tan⁡−127⋅19−8⋅1111⋅19+27⋅8=tan⁡−1425425=π4\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5} - \tan^{-1}\tfrac{8}{19} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{27}{11} - \tan^{-1}\tfrac{8}{19} = \tan^{-1}\frac{27 \cdot 19 - 8 \cdot 11}{11 \cdot 19 + 27 \cdot 8} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{425}{425} = \tfrac{\pi}{4}.

Exam­ple 3 (sub­sti­tu­tion). Sim­plify tan⁡−11+x2−1x\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\frac{\sqrt{1 + x^2} - 1}{x}, x≠0x \ne 0. When­ever a square root of one plus x squared appears, think of putting x=tan⁡θx = \tan\theta. Then sec⁡θ−1tan⁡θ=1−cos⁡θsin⁡θ=tan⁡θ2\displaystyle \frac{\sec\theta - 1}{\tan\theta} = \frac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \tan\tfrac{\theta}{2}, so the expres­sion is 12tan⁡−1x\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}x.

Exam­ple 4. tan⁡−11−cos⁡x1+cos⁡x=tan⁡−1(tan⁡x2)=x2\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}} = \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\tfrac{x}{2}\right) = \tfrac{x}{2} for 0<x<π0 < x < \pi.

Exam­ple 5. sin⁡(cos⁡−135)=45\displaystyle \sin\left(\cos^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5}\right) = \tfrac{4}{5}. The quick­est way is to draw a 33-44-55 tri­an­gle, since the angle is acute. In the same way, cos⁡(tan⁡−1512)=1213\displaystyle \cos\left(\tan^{-1}\tfrac{5}{12}\right) = \tfrac{12}{13}.

Two right triangles: one with sides 3, 4, 5 and acute angle theta next to side 3, so cos theta = 3/5 and sin theta = 4/5; one with sides 5, 12, 13, tan theta = 5/12, cos theta = 12/13.
Read­ing the answers off right tri­an­gles with sides 3, 4, 5 and 5, 12, 13.

Exam­ple 6 (an equa­tion). Solve tan⁡−12x+tan⁡−13x=π4\displaystyle \tan^{-1}2x + \tan^{-1}3x = \tfrac{\pi}{4}. Using the sum for­mula, 5x1−6x2=1\displaystyle \tfrac{5x}{1 - 6x^2} = 1, so 6x2+5x−1=06x^2 + 5x - 1 = 0, x=16\displaystyle x = \tfrac{1}{6} or −1-1. Always check your roots here: x=−1x = -1 makes the left side neg­a­tive, so it can­not be the answer. The answer is x=16\displaystyle x = \tfrac{1}{6}.

Mixed prac­tice

  1. Prove: tan⁡−115+tan⁡−117+tan⁡−113+tan⁡−118=π4\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{5} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{7} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{8} = \tfrac{\pi}{4}.
  2. Find cos⁡−1(−12)−2sin⁡−112\displaystyle \cos^{-1}\left(-\tfrac{1}{2}\right) - 2\sin^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2}.
  3. Sim­plify tan⁡−1cos⁡x1−sin⁡x\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\frac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x} for −π2<x<π2\displaystyle -\tfrac{\pi}{2} < x < \tfrac{\pi}{2}.
  4. Sim­plify tan⁡−13a2x−x3a3−3ax2\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\frac{3a^2x - x^3}{a^3 - 3ax^2} for ∣x∣<a3\displaystyle \lvert x \rvert < \tfrac{a}{\sqrt{3}}, a>0a > 0.
  5. Find sin⁡(2tan⁡−113)\displaystyle \sin\left(2\tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3}\right) and cos⁡(sin⁡−1817+cos⁡−135)\displaystyle \cos\left(\sin^{-1}\tfrac{8}{17} + \cos^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5}\right).
  6. Solve tan⁡−1x−1x−2+tan⁡−1x+1x+2=π4\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{x - 1}{x - 2} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{x + 1}{x + 2} = \tfrac{\pi}{4}.
  7. Solve sin⁡−1(1−x)−2sin⁡−1x=π2\displaystyle \sin^{-1}(1 - x) - 2\sin^{-1}x = \tfrac{\pi}{2}.
  8. Prove: 2sin⁡−135=tan⁡−1247\displaystyle 2\sin^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{24}{7}.
  9. Show that cos⁡−145+cos⁡−11213=cos⁡−13365\displaystyle \cos^{-1}\tfrac{4}{5} + \cos^{-1}\tfrac{12}{13} = \cos^{-1}\tfrac{33}{65}.
  10. If sin⁡−1x+sin⁡−1y=2π3\displaystyle \sin^{-1}x + \sin^{-1}y = \tfrac{2\pi}{3}, find cos⁡−1x+cos⁡−1y\cos^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}y.

Answers to check against

Show answers
  1. tan⁡−115+tan⁡−117=tan⁡−1617\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{5} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{7} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{6}{17}; tan⁡−113+tan⁡−118=tan⁡−11123\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{3} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{8} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{11}{23}; the total is tan⁡−16⋅23+11⋅1717⋅23−66=tan⁡−1325325\displaystyle \tan^{-1}\tfrac{6 \cdot 23 + 11 \cdot 17}{17 \cdot 23 - 66} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{325}{325}.
  2. 2π3−π3=π3\displaystyle \tfrac{2\pi}{3} - \tfrac{\pi}{3} = \tfrac{\pi}{3}.
  3. cos⁡x1−sin⁡x=tan⁡(π4+x2)\displaystyle \tfrac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x} = \tan\left(\tfrac{\pi}{4} + \tfrac{x}{2}\right): π4+x2\displaystyle \tfrac{\pi}{4} + \tfrac{x}{2}.
  4. Put x=atan⁡θx = a\tan\theta and the expres­sion becomes tan⁡3θ\tan 3\theta, so the answer is 3tan⁡−1xa\displaystyle 3\tan^{-1}\tfrac{x}{a}.
  5. 2/31+1/9=35\displaystyle \tfrac{2/3}{1 + 1/9} = \tfrac{3}{5}; cos⁡Acos⁡B−sin⁡Asin⁡B=1517⋅35−817⋅45=1385\displaystyle \cos A\cos B - \sin A\sin B = \tfrac{15}{17}\cdot\tfrac{3}{5} - \tfrac{8}{17}\cdot\tfrac{4}{5} = \tfrac{13}{85}.
  6. (x−1)(x+2)+(x+1)(x−2)(x−2)(x+2)−(x2−1)=1\displaystyle \tfrac{(x - 1)(x + 2) + (x + 1)(x - 2)}{(x - 2)(x + 2) - (x^2 - 1)} = 1: 2x2−4−3=1\displaystyle \tfrac{2x^2 - 4}{-3} = 1, x=±12\displaystyle x = \pm\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}.
  7. 1−x=sin⁡(π2+2sin⁡−1x)=cos⁡(2sin⁡−1x)=1−2x2\displaystyle 1 - x = \sin\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} + 2\sin^{-1}x\right) = \cos(2\sin^{-1}x) = 1 - 2x^2: x=0x = 0 or 12\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2}. But 12\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2} fails the check, so x=0x = 0.
  8. sin⁡−135=tan⁡−134\displaystyle \sin^{-1}\tfrac{3}{5} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4}; 2tan⁡−134=tan⁡−13/27/16=tan⁡−1247\displaystyle 2\tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3/2}{7/16} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{24}{7}.
  9. cos⁡(A+B)=45⋅1213−35⋅513=3365\displaystyle \cos(A + B) = \tfrac{4}{5}\cdot\tfrac{12}{13} - \tfrac{3}{5}\cdot\tfrac{5}{13} = \tfrac{33}{65}.
  10. π−2π3=π3\displaystyle \pi - \tfrac{2\pi}{3} = \tfrac{\pi}{3}.